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UERJ20261º EQQuestao 23InglêsInterpretação de textoMediaForgetting our past could cost us our future
Cultural amnesia refers to the phenomenon where societies ignore significant historical events, lessons, and cultural practices, leading to a fragmentation of knowledge and identity. This forgetfulness can arise from various factors, including the rapid pace of modernization, globalization and the overwhelming influence of technology, which often prioritizes immediacy over historical context. As a result, vital lessons from the past may be disregarded, leaving individuals and communities disconnected from their heritage and the wisdom embedded in historical narratives. It is widely known that this fragmentation frequently undermines a society's ability to learn from past mistakes.
This phenomenon of cultural amnesia is not merely a contemporary issue; it has been observed throughout history. Many societies have experienced periods of forgetting or neglecting significant events due to political motives, societal shifts or collective trauma. For example, the aftermath of wars often sees nations rewriting histories to foster national unity or to justify certain actions, leading to a distorted collective memory. In some cases, governments may actively suppress historical truths to maintain power, creating a dangerous precedent where the past is selectively remembered or entirely erased. Actually, the frequency of cultural amnesia varies across societies and historical contexts, but it is a recurring theme that has profound implications.
Cultural amnesia frequently highlights a troubling tendency to overlook the lessons of history, leading to a fragmented understanding of identity and heritage. When the emphasis is placed on the new and the immediate, the rich tapestry of history can become fragmented, leading to a shallow understanding of cultural identity. To counteract this trend, it is essential for communities to prioritize historical awareness, engage with their narratives. Addressing cultural amnesia is not simply a matter of saying "Ok, let's accept that History has a role". What ordinary citizens should keep in mind is that facts and data provide some of the basic elements of history as a field of study that connects to other areas, but by themselves they have limited meaning. It requires a conscious effort to engage with history, celebrate memories and ensure that significant events and lessons are passed on to the next generations.
It seems unlikely that there would be mutual respect and understanding between different groups without awareness of these narratives. This awareness has been shown to dismantle stereotypes, challenge prejudices and build bridges between different cultural groups, fostering a more cohesive and harmonious society. When societies overlook significant historical events, they may fail to learn from previous injustices, conflicts or failures. When people recognize the fragility of cultural memory, they may feel compelled to engage with their history, whether through storytelling, education or community activities. This active participation can strengthen communal bonds and promote intergenerational knowledge transfer, ensuring that valuable lessons from the past are not lost to time. Finally, when individuals do engage with the histories and experiences of others, they are more likely to appreciate the complexities of cultural identities and the impact of historical events on various communities.
Adaptado de bohotude.com.
The idea expressed by the title is represented in the sentence below:
- A)This phenomenon of cultural amnesia is not merely a contemporary issue; it has been observed throughout history. (l. 8-9 )
- B)In some cases, governments may actively suppress historical truths to maintain power, creating a dangerous precedent (l. 12-13)
- C)What ordinary citizens should keep in mind is that facts and data provide some of the basic elements of history as a field of study (l. 22-23)
- D)When societies overlook significant historical events, they may fail to learn from previous injustices, conflicts or failures. (l. 29-30)
UERJ20261º EQQuestao 24InglêsInterpretação de textoDificilForgetting our past could cost us our future
Cultural amnesia refers to the phenomenon where societies ignore significant historical events, lessons, and cultural practices, leading to a fragmentation of knowledge and identity. This forgetfulness can arise from various factors, including the rapid pace of modernization, globalization and the overwhelming influence of technology, which often prioritizes immediacy over historical context. As a result, vital lessons from the past may be disregarded, leaving individuals and communities disconnected from their heritage and the wisdom embedded in historical narratives. It is widely known that this fragmentation frequently undermines a society's ability to learn from past mistakes.
This phenomenon of cultural amnesia is not merely a contemporary issue; it has been observed throughout history. Many societies have experienced periods of forgetting or neglecting significant events due to political motives, societal shifts or collective trauma. For example, the aftermath of wars often sees nations rewriting histories to foster national unity or to justify certain actions, leading to a distorted collective memory. In some cases, governments may actively suppress historical truths to maintain power, creating a dangerous precedent where the past is selectively remembered or entirely erased. Actually, the frequency of cultural amnesia varies across societies and historical contexts, but it is a recurring theme that has profound implications.
Cultural amnesia frequently highlights a troubling tendency to overlook the lessons of history, leading to a fragmented understanding of identity and heritage. When the emphasis is placed on the new and the immediate, the rich tapestry of history can become fragmented, leading to a shallow understanding of cultural identity. To counteract this trend, it is essential for communities to prioritize historical awareness, engage with their narratives. Addressing cultural amnesia is not simply a matter of saying "Ok, let's accept that History has a role". What ordinary citizens should keep in mind is that facts and data provide some of the basic elements of history as a field of study that connects to other areas, but by themselves they have limited meaning. It requires a conscious effort to engage with history, celebrate memories and ensure that significant events and lessons are passed on to the next generations.
It seems unlikely that there would be mutual respect and understanding between different groups without awareness of these narratives. This awareness has been shown to dismantle stereotypes, challenge prejudices and build bridges between different cultural groups, fostering a more cohesive and harmonious society. When societies overlook significant historical events, they may fail to learn from previous injustices, conflicts or failures. When people recognize the fragility of cultural memory, they may feel compelled to engage with their history, whether through storytelling, education or community activities. This active participation can strengthen communal bonds and promote intergenerational knowledge transfer, ensuring that valuable lessons from the past are not lost to time. Finally, when individuals do engage with the histories and experiences of others, they are more likely to appreciate the complexities of cultural identities and the impact of historical events on various communities.
Adaptado de bohotude.com.
“To counteract this trend, it is essential for communities to prioritize historical awareness, engage with their narratives.” (l. 19-20)
In relation to the first part of the third paragraph, the function of this sentence is the following:
- A)estabilish comparison
- B)impose condition
- C)propose solution
- D)offer explanation
UERJ20261º EQQuestao 25InglêsInterpretação de textoDificilForgetting our past could cost us our future
Cultural amnesia refers to the phenomenon where societies ignore significant historical events, lessons, and cultural practices, leading to a fragmentation of knowledge and identity. This forgetfulness can arise from various factors, including the rapid pace of modernization, globalization and the overwhelming influence of technology, which often prioritizes immediacy over historical context. As a result, vital lessons from the past may be disregarded, leaving individuals and communities disconnected from their heritage and the wisdom embedded in historical narratives. It is widely known that this fragmentation frequently undermines a society's ability to learn from past mistakes.
This phenomenon of cultural amnesia is not merely a contemporary issue; it has been observed throughout history. Many societies have experienced periods of forgetting or neglecting significant events due to political motives, societal shifts or collective trauma. For example, the aftermath of wars often sees nations rewriting histories to foster national unity or to justify certain actions, leading to a distorted collective memory. In some cases, governments may actively suppress historical truths to maintain power, creating a dangerous precedent where the past is selectively remembered or entirely erased. Actually, the frequency of cultural amnesia varies across societies and historical contexts, but it is a recurring theme that has profound implications.
Cultural amnesia frequently highlights a troubling tendency to overlook the lessons of history, leading to a fragmented understanding of identity and heritage. When the emphasis is placed on the new and the immediate, the rich tapestry of history can become fragmented, leading to a shallow understanding of cultural identity. To counteract this trend, it is essential for communities to prioritize historical awareness, engage with their narratives. Addressing cultural amnesia is not simply a matter of saying "Ok, let's accept that History has a role". What ordinary citizens should keep in mind is that facts and data provide some of the basic elements of history as a field of study that connects to other areas, but by themselves they have limited meaning. It requires a conscious effort to engage with history, celebrate memories and ensure that significant events and lessons are passed on to the next generations.
It seems unlikely that there would be mutual respect and understanding between different groups without awareness of these narratives. This awareness has been shown to dismantle stereotypes, challenge prejudices and build bridges between different cultural groups, fostering a more cohesive and harmonious society. When societies overlook significant historical events, they may fail to learn from previous injustices, conflicts or failures. When people recognize the fragility of cultural memory, they may feel compelled to engage with their history, whether through storytelling, education or community activities. This active participation can strengthen communal bonds and promote intergenerational knowledge transfer, ensuring that valuable lessons from the past are not lost to time. Finally, when individuals do engage with the histories and experiences of others, they are more likely to appreciate the complexities of cultural identities and the impact of historical events on various communities.
Adaptado de bohotude.com.
“Ok, let's accept that History has a role”. (l. 21)
Regarding history, this quote reveals that ordinary people tend to:
- A)minimize its importance
- B)disregard its tendency
- C)highlight its narratives
- D)analyse its changes
UERJ20261º EQQuestao 26InglêsInterpretação de textoDificilForgetting our past could cost us our future
Cultural amnesia refers to the phenomenon where societies ignore significant historical events, lessons, and cultural practices, leading to a fragmentation of knowledge and identity. This forgetfulness can arise from various factors, including the rapid pace of modernization, globalization and the overwhelming influence of technology, which often prioritizes immediacy over historical context. As a result, vital lessons from the past may be disregarded, leaving individuals and communities disconnected from their heritage and the wisdom embedded in historical narratives. It is widely known that this fragmentation frequently undermines a society's ability to learn from past mistakes.
This phenomenon of cultural amnesia is not merely a contemporary issue; it has been observed throughout history. Many societies have experienced periods of forgetting or neglecting significant events due to political motives, societal shifts or collective trauma. For example, the aftermath of wars often sees nations rewriting histories to foster national unity or to justify certain actions, leading to a distorted collective memory. In some cases, governments may actively suppress historical truths to maintain power, creating a dangerous precedent where the past is selectively remembered or entirely erased. Actually, the frequency of cultural amnesia varies across societies and historical contexts, but it is a recurring theme that has profound implications.
Cultural amnesia frequently highlights a troubling tendency to overlook the lessons of history, leading to a fragmented understanding of identity and heritage. When the emphasis is placed on the new and the immediate, the rich tapestry of history can become fragmented, leading to a shallow understanding of cultural identity. To counteract this trend, it is essential for communities to prioritize historical awareness, engage with their narratives. Addressing cultural amnesia is not simply a matter of saying "Ok, let's accept that History has a role". What ordinary citizens should keep in mind is that facts and data provide some of the basic elements of history as a field of study that connects to other areas, but by themselves they have limited meaning. It requires a conscious effort to engage with history, celebrate memories and ensure that significant events and lessons are passed on to the next generations.
It seems unlikely that there would be mutual respect and understanding between different groups without awareness of these narratives. This awareness has been shown to dismantle stereotypes, challenge prejudices and build bridges between different cultural groups, fostering a more cohesive and harmonious society. When societies overlook significant historical events, they may fail to learn from previous injustices, conflicts or failures. When people recognize the fragility of cultural memory, they may feel compelled to engage with their history, whether through storytelling, education or community activities. This active participation can strengthen communal bonds and promote intergenerational knowledge transfer, ensuring that valuable lessons from the past are not lost to time. Finally, when individuals do engage with the histories and experiences of others, they are more likely to appreciate the complexities of cultural identities and the impact of historical events on various communities.
Adaptado de bohotude.com.
“Finally, when individuals do engage with the histories and experiences of others, they are more likely to appreciate the complexities of cultural identities…” (l. 34-36)
The underlined words — “do” and “more likely” — express, respectively, the following meanings:
- A)similarity − synthesis
- B)synthesis − similarity
- C)probability − emphasis
- D)emphasis − probability
UERJ20261º EQQuestao 27InglêsInterpretação de textoMediaForgetting our past could cost us our future
Cultural amnesia refers to the phenomenon where societies ignore significant historical events, lessons, and cultural practices, leading to a fragmentation of knowledge and identity. This forgetfulness can arise from various factors, including the rapid pace of modernization, globalization and the overwhelming influence of technology, which often prioritizes immediacy over historical context. As a result, vital lessons from the past may be disregarded, leaving individuals and communities disconnected from their heritage and the wisdom embedded in historical narratives. It is widely known that this fragmentation frequently undermines a society's ability to learn from past mistakes.
This phenomenon of cultural amnesia is not merely a contemporary issue; it has been observed throughout history. Many societies have experienced periods of forgetting or neglecting significant events due to political motives, societal shifts or collective trauma. For example, the aftermath of wars often sees nations rewriting histories to foster national unity or to justify certain actions, leading to a distorted collective memory. In some cases, governments may actively suppress historical truths to maintain power, creating a dangerous precedent where the past is selectively remembered or entirely erased. Actually, the frequency of cultural amnesia varies across societies and historical contexts, but it is a recurring theme that has profound implications.
Cultural amnesia frequently highlights a troubling tendency to overlook the lessons of history, leading to a fragmented understanding of identity and heritage. When the emphasis is placed on the new and the immediate, the rich tapestry of history can become fragmented, leading to a shallow understanding of cultural identity. To counteract this trend, it is essential for communities to prioritize historical awareness, engage with their narratives. Addressing cultural amnesia is not simply a matter of saying "Ok, let's accept that History has a role". What ordinary citizens should keep in mind is that facts and data provide some of the basic elements of history as a field of study that connects to other areas, but by themselves they have limited meaning. It requires a conscious effort to engage with history, celebrate memories and ensure that significant events and lessons are passed on to the next generations.
It seems unlikely that there would be mutual respect and understanding between different groups without awareness of these narratives. This awareness has been shown to dismantle stereotypes, challenge prejudices and build bridges between different cultural groups, fostering a more cohesive and harmonious society. When societies overlook significant historical events, they may fail to learn from previous injustices, conflicts or failures. When people recognize the fragility of cultural memory, they may feel compelled to engage with their history, whether through storytelling, education or community activities. This active participation can strengthen communal bonds and promote intergenerational knowledge transfer, ensuring that valuable lessons from the past are not lost to time. Finally, when individuals do engage with the histories and experiences of others, they are more likely to appreciate the complexities of cultural identities and the impact of historical events on various communities.
Adaptado de bohotude.com.
According to the article, to ensure that the past is preserved, it is necessary to take the action below:
- A)suggest policies
- B)value memories
- C)curb advancements
- D)strengthen citizenship
UERJ20252º EQQuestao 23InglêsInterpretação de textoMediaThe dangers of preconceived judgement: look beyond stereotypes
People often say “Don’t judge a book by its cover”, and it holds true in many aspects of life. We are all guilty of making snap judgements about others based on their appearance, actions or even just a brief encounter. But have you ever wondered why it’s important not to judge someone before getting to know them? Do you ever consider that?
Imagine that you are at a party and, out of the corner of your eye, you spot a person with a unique hairstyle and an outfit that screams “fashion forward”. Your brain, always ready for action, instantly springs into snap judgement mode. “They must be an avant-garde artist or a fashion model”, it enthusiastically proclaims. This is thin slice judgement! It refers to the action of making lightning-fast judgements based on minimal information. An example is when you are at a job interview, and the person in the hot seat glances at your handwriting before making a quick assessment of your personality. It sounds ludicrous, but our brain has a way of magnifying minor details and turning them into grand narratives. As amusing as it may seem, such judgements can have real-life consequences.
While snap judgements can provide an amusing story to share at parties, they can perpetuate stereotypes, reinforce biases and limit our ability to see the true beauty in diversity. Instead of jumping to conclusions, it’s better to lean into curiosity. Ask questions, seek out diverse perspectives and recognize that everyone has a unique story to tell. By embracing our inquisitive nature, we can uncover the richness of human experiences and challenge our own biases.
Empathy is the secret weapon against prejudice. To truly understand someone, you must put yourself in their shoes and see the world through their eyes. Actually, prejudice is when we form an opinion or make assumptions about someone without having all the facts. It’s like trying to write a book review after only reading the first chapter. We should strive to give people a fair chance before passing judgement. Besides, it’s essential to remember that nobody is perfect, and we should embrace diversity instead of assuming we’re always right. Rather than acting as self-appointed judges, we should approach people with empathy and understanding.
Practicing self-compassion and recognizing our own imperfections can help us show more compassion towards others. Harsh judgement can stem from a variety of factors, such as insecurity, fear or simply our own experiences and biases, but it’s okay, we’ve all been there! What’s important is to take a step back and reflect on why we are quick to judge. And, if we always do that, it’s time to think outside the box.
PATRICK TURNER. Adaptado de appgecet.co.in.
The dangers of preconceived judgement: look beyond stereotypes (título)
The title of the text recommends a way of behaving in relation to stereotypes.
An example of such recommendation is clearly expressed in:
- A)We are all guilty of making snap judgements about others (l. 1-2)
- B)It refers to the action of making lightning-fast judgements (l. 8)
- C)As amusing as it may seem, such judgements can have real-life consequences. (l. 11-12)
- D)We should strive to give people a fair chance before passing judgement. (l. 21)
UERJ20252º EQQuestao 27InglêsInterpretação de textoMediaThe dangers of preconceived judgement: look beyond stereotypes
People often say “Don’t judge a book by its cover”, and it holds true in many aspects of life. We are all guilty of making snap judgements about others based on their appearance, actions or even just a brief encounter. But have you ever wondered why it’s important not to judge someone before getting to know them? Do you ever consider that?
Imagine that you are at a party and, out of the corner of your eye, you spot a person with a unique hairstyle and an outfit that screams “fashion forward”. Your brain, always ready for action, instantly springs into snap judgement mode. “They must be an avant-garde artist or a fashion model”, it enthusiastically proclaims. This is thin slice judgement! It refers to the action of making lightning-fast judgements based on minimal information. An example is when you are at a job interview, and the person in the hot seat glances at your handwriting before making a quick assessment of your personality. It sounds ludicrous, but our brain has a way of magnifying minor details and turning them into grand narratives. As amusing as it may seem, such judgements can have real-life consequences.
While snap judgements can provide an amusing story to share at parties, they can perpetuate stereotypes, reinforce biases and limit our ability to see the true beauty in diversity. Instead of jumping to conclusions, it’s better to lean into curiosity. Ask questions, seek out diverse perspectives and recognize that everyone has a unique story to tell. By embracing our inquisitive nature, we can uncover the richness of human experiences and challenge our own biases.
Empathy is the secret weapon against prejudice. To truly understand someone, you must put yourself in their shoes and see the world through their eyes. Actually, prejudice is when we form an opinion or make assumptions about someone without having all the facts. It’s like trying to write a book review after only reading the first chapter. We should strive to give people a fair chance before passing judgement. Besides, it’s essential to remember that nobody is perfect, and we should embrace diversity instead of assuming we’re always right. Rather than acting as self-appointed judges, we should approach people with empathy and understanding.
Practicing self-compassion and recognizing our own imperfections can help us show more compassion towards others. Harsh judgement can stem from a variety of factors, such as insecurity, fear or simply our own experiences and biases, but it’s okay, we’ve all been there! What’s important is to take a step back and reflect on why we are quick to judge. And, if we always do that, it’s time to think outside the box.
PATRICK TURNER. Adaptado de appgecet.co.in.
In the last paragraph, the author offers suggestions so that severe criticism can be avoided.
One of these suggestions is:
- A)question preconceptions
- B)broaden possibilities
- C)reveal imperfections
- D)discover insecurities
UERJ20242º EQQuestao 23InglêsInterpretação de textoMediaTEXTO BASE — WHAT IS LIFE?
The magazine Philosophy Now asked two people, Tom Baranski and Courtney Walsh, to define what life is.
Tom Baranski from Somerset, New Jersey, believes that life is the aspect of existence that processes, acts,
reacts, evaluates and evolves through growth (reproduction and metabolism). The crucial difference
between life and non-life (or non-living things) is that life uses energy for physical and conscious
development. Life is anything that grows and eventually dies, ceases to proliferate and be cognizant. Can (5)
we say that viruses, for example, are cognizant? Yes, insofar as they react to stimuli; but they are alive
essentially because they reproduce and grow. Computers are non-living because even though they can
cognize, they do not develop biologically (grow) and cannot produce offspring. It is not cognition that
determines life: it is rather proliferation and maturation towards a state of death; and death occurs only to
living substances. (10)
Or is the question "What is the meaning (purpose) of life?" that is a real tough one? But Tom Baranski
thinks that the meaning of life is the ideals we impose upon it, what we demand of it. The meaning of life
is to: Do good, Be Good, but also to Receive Good. The foggy term in this advice, of course, is "good"; but
he leaves that to the intuitive powers that we all share.
There are, of course, many intuitively clear examples of Doing Good. Most of us would avoid murdering; (15)
and most of us would refrain from other acts we find intuitively wrong. So our natural intuitions determine
the meaning of life for us; and it seems for other species as well, for those intuitions resonate through
much of life and give it its purpose.
On the other hand, Courtney Walsh from Farnborough, Hampshire, defines life as the eternal and
unbroken flow of infinite rippling simultaneous events that by a fortuitous chain has led to this universe (20)
of elements we are all suspended in, that has somehow led to this present experience of sentient existence.
Animal life (excluding that of humans) shows that life is a simple matter of being, by means of a modest
routine of eating, sleeping and reproducing. Animals balance their days between these necessities, doing
only what their bodies ask of them. The life of vegetation is not far from that of animals. They eat and
sleep and reproduce in their own way, for the same result. So life is a beautiful and naturally harmonious (25)
borrowing of energy.
Yet we have taken it for granted. We have lost the power to simply be happy eating, sleeping, reproducing,
believing we need a reason to be alive, a purpose and a goal to reach, so that on our deathbeds (something
we have been made to fear) we can look back and tell ourselves we have done something with our lives.
Life has lost its purpose because we have tried to give it one. The truth is that we are no more significant (30)
than the sand by the sea or the clouds in the sky. No more significant. But as significant.
No matter what your race, religion or gender, when you first step outside your door in the morning and
feel the fresh air in your lungs and the morning sun on your face, you close your eyes and smile. In that
moment you are feeling life as it should be.
Adaptado de philosophynow.org.
Tom Baranski and Courtney Walsh define life in different ways, but both of them agree upon the idea expressed in the following sentence:
- A)Life is to do good.
- B)Life has lost its purpose.
- C)Life is a borrowing of energy.
- D)Life is a question of cognition.
UERJ20242º EQQuestao 25InglêsInterpretação de textoMediaTEXTO BASE — WHAT IS LIFE?
The magazine Philosophy Now asked two people, Tom Baranski and Courtney Walsh, to define what life is.
Tom Baranski from Somerset, New Jersey, believes that life is the aspect of existence that processes, acts,
reacts, evaluates and evolves through growth (reproduction and metabolism). The crucial difference
between life and non-life (or non-living things) is that life uses energy for physical and conscious
development. Life is anything that grows and eventually dies, ceases to proliferate and be cognizant. Can (5)
we say that viruses, for example, are cognizant? Yes, insofar as they react to stimuli; but they are alive
essentially because they reproduce and grow. Computers are non-living because even though they can
cognize, they do not develop biologically (grow) and cannot produce offspring. It is not cognition that
determines life: it is rather proliferation and maturation towards a state of death; and death occurs only to
living substances. (10)
Or is the question "What is the meaning (purpose) of life?" that is a real tough one? But Tom Baranski
thinks that the meaning of life is the ideals we impose upon it, what we demand of it. The meaning of life
is to: Do good, Be Good, but also to Receive Good. The foggy term in this advice, of course, is "good"; but
he leaves that to the intuitive powers that we all share.
There are, of course, many intuitively clear examples of Doing Good. Most of us would avoid murdering; (15)
and most of us would refrain from other acts we find intuitively wrong. So our natural intuitions determine
the meaning of life for us; and it seems for other species as well, for those intuitions resonate through
much of life and give it its purpose.
On the other hand, Courtney Walsh from Farnborough, Hampshire, defines life as the eternal and
unbroken flow of infinite rippling simultaneous events that by a fortuitous chain has led to this universe (20)
of elements we are all suspended in, that has somehow led to this present experience of sentient existence.
Animal life (excluding that of humans) shows that life is a simple matter of being, by means of a modest
routine of eating, sleeping and reproducing. Animals balance their days between these necessities, doing
only what their bodies ask of them. The life of vegetation is not far from that of animals. They eat and
sleep and reproduce in their own way, for the same result. So life is a beautiful and naturally harmonious (25)
borrowing of energy.
Yet we have taken it for granted. We have lost the power to simply be happy eating, sleeping, reproducing,
believing we need a reason to be alive, a purpose and a goal to reach, so that on our deathbeds (something
we have been made to fear) we can look back and tell ourselves we have done something with our lives.
Life has lost its purpose because we have tried to give it one. The truth is that we are no more significant (30)
than the sand by the sea or the clouds in the sky. No more significant. But as significant.
No matter what your race, religion or gender, when you first step outside your door in the morning and
feel the fresh air in your lungs and the morning sun on your face, you close your eyes and smile. In that
moment you are feeling life as it should be.
Adaptado de philosophynow.org.
Most of us would avoid murdering; (l. 14)
The fragment above implies the same meaning of the following proposition:
- A)we even avoid murdering
- B)we never avoid murdering
- C)we rarely avoid murdering
- D)we usually avoid murdering
UERJ20242º EQQuestao 26InglêsInterpretação de textoMediaTEXTO BASE — WHAT IS LIFE?
The magazine Philosophy Now asked two people, Tom Baranski and Courtney Walsh, to define what life is.
Tom Baranski from Somerset, New Jersey, believes that life is the aspect of existence that processes, acts,
reacts, evaluates and evolves through growth (reproduction and metabolism). The crucial difference
between life and non-life (or non-living things) is that life uses energy for physical and conscious
development. Life is anything that grows and eventually dies, ceases to proliferate and be cognizant. Can (5)
we say that viruses, for example, are cognizant? Yes, insofar as they react to stimuli; but they are alive
essentially because they reproduce and grow. Computers are non-living because even though they can
cognize, they do not develop biologically (grow) and cannot produce offspring. It is not cognition that
determines life: it is rather proliferation and maturation towards a state of death; and death occurs only to
living substances. (10)
Or is the question "What is the meaning (purpose) of life?" that is a real tough one? But Tom Baranski
thinks that the meaning of life is the ideals we impose upon it, what we demand of it. The meaning of life
is to: Do good, Be Good, but also to Receive Good. The foggy term in this advice, of course, is "good"; but
he leaves that to the intuitive powers that we all share.
There are, of course, many intuitively clear examples of Doing Good. Most of us would avoid murdering; (15)
and most of us would refrain from other acts we find intuitively wrong. So our natural intuitions determine
the meaning of life for us; and it seems for other species as well, for those intuitions resonate through
much of life and give it its purpose.
On the other hand, Courtney Walsh from Farnborough, Hampshire, defines life as the eternal and
unbroken flow of infinite rippling simultaneous events that by a fortuitous chain has led to this universe (20)
of elements we are all suspended in, that has somehow led to this present experience of sentient existence.
Animal life (excluding that of humans) shows that life is a simple matter of being, by means of a modest
routine of eating, sleeping and reproducing. Animals balance their days between these necessities, doing
only what their bodies ask of them. The life of vegetation is not far from that of animals. They eat and
sleep and reproduce in their own way, for the same result. So life is a beautiful and naturally harmonious (25)
borrowing of energy.
Yet we have taken it for granted. We have lost the power to simply be happy eating, sleeping, reproducing,
believing we need a reason to be alive, a purpose and a goal to reach, so that on our deathbeds (something
we have been made to fear) we can look back and tell ourselves we have done something with our lives.
Life has lost its purpose because we have tried to give it one. The truth is that we are no more significant (30)
than the sand by the sea or the clouds in the sky. No more significant. But as significant.
No matter what your race, religion or gender, when you first step outside your door in the morning and
feel the fresh air in your lungs and the morning sun on your face, you close your eyes and smile. In that
moment you are feeling life as it should be.
Adaptado de philosophynow.org.
The life of vegetation is not far from that of animals. (l. 23)
The sentence above, which establishes a relationship between vegetation and animals' life, could be the answer to the following question:
- A)How different are they?
- B)Which is more difficult?
- C)How distant are they?
- D)Which is longer?
UERJ20242º EQQuestao 27InglêsInterpretação de textoMediaTEXTO BASE — WHAT IS LIFE?
The magazine Philosophy Now asked two people, Tom Baranski and Courtney Walsh, to define what life is.
Tom Baranski from Somerset, New Jersey, believes that life is the aspect of existence that processes, acts,
reacts, evaluates and evolves through growth (reproduction and metabolism). The crucial difference
between life and non-life (or non-living things) is that life uses energy for physical and conscious
development. Life is anything that grows and eventually dies, ceases to proliferate and be cognizant. Can (5)
we say that viruses, for example, are cognizant? Yes, insofar as they react to stimuli; but they are alive
essentially because they reproduce and grow. Computers are non-living because even though they can
cognize, they do not develop biologically (grow) and cannot produce offspring. It is not cognition that
determines life: it is rather proliferation and maturation towards a state of death; and death occurs only to
living substances. (10)
Or is the question "What is the meaning (purpose) of life?" that is a real tough one? But Tom Baranski
thinks that the meaning of life is the ideals we impose upon it, what we demand of it. The meaning of life
is to: Do good, Be Good, but also to Receive Good. The foggy term in this advice, of course, is "good"; but
he leaves that to the intuitive powers that we all share.
There are, of course, many intuitively clear examples of Doing Good. Most of us would avoid murdering; (15)
and most of us would refrain from other acts we find intuitively wrong. So our natural intuitions determine
the meaning of life for us; and it seems for other species as well, for those intuitions resonate through
much of life and give it its purpose.
On the other hand, Courtney Walsh from Farnborough, Hampshire, defines life as the eternal and
unbroken flow of infinite rippling simultaneous events that by a fortuitous chain has led to this universe (20)
of elements we are all suspended in, that has somehow led to this present experience of sentient existence.
Animal life (excluding that of humans) shows that life is a simple matter of being, by means of a modest
routine of eating, sleeping and reproducing. Animals balance their days between these necessities, doing
only what their bodies ask of them. The life of vegetation is not far from that of animals. They eat and
sleep and reproduce in their own way, for the same result. So life is a beautiful and naturally harmonious (25)
borrowing of energy.
Yet we have taken it for granted. We have lost the power to simply be happy eating, sleeping, reproducing,
believing we need a reason to be alive, a purpose and a goal to reach, so that on our deathbeds (something
we have been made to fear) we can look back and tell ourselves we have done something with our lives.
Life has lost its purpose because we have tried to give it one. The truth is that we are no more significant (30)
than the sand by the sea or the clouds in the sky. No more significant. But as significant.
No matter what your race, religion or gender, when you first step outside your door in the morning and
feel the fresh air in your lungs and the morning sun on your face, you close your eyes and smile. In that
moment you are feeling life as it should be.
Adaptado de philosophynow.org.
No more significant. But as significant. (l. 30)
The sentences above refer to a comparison between the two topics below:
- A)sea and sky
- B)body and soul
- C)sand and clouds
- D)humans and nature
UERJ20202º EQQuestao 23InglêsInterpretação de textoMediaTHE POWER OF METAPHORS
Imagine your city isn’t as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on the rise, home invasions are increasing and murder rates have nearly doubled in the past three years. What should city officials do about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and lock them away in a growing network of prisons? Or design programs that promise more peace by addressing issues like a faltering economy and underperforming schools?
Your answer – and the reasoning behind it – can hinge on the metaphor being used to describe the problem, according to new research by Stanford psychologists. Your thinking can even be swayed with just one word, they say.
Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and doctoral candidate Paul Thibodeau were curious about how subtle cues and common figures of speech can frame approaches to difficult problems. “Some estimates suggest that one out of every 25 words we encounter is a metaphor”, said Thibodeau, the study’s lead author. “But we didn’t know the extent to which these metaphors influence people”.
In five experiments, test subjects were asked to read short paragraphs about rising crime rates in the fictional city of Addison and answer questions about the city. The researchers gauged how people answered these questions in light of how crime was described – as a beast or a virus.
They found the test subjects’ proposed solutions differed a great deal depending on the metaphor they were exposed to. The results have shown that people will likely support an increase in police forces and jailing of offenders if crime is described as a “beast” preying on a community. But if people are told crime is a “virus” infecting a city, they are more inclined to treat the problem with social reform. According to Boroditsky: “People like to think they’re objective. They want to believe they’re logical. But they’re really being swayed by metaphors”.
To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the researchers also examined what role political persuasions play in people’s approach to reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more likely to suggest an enforcement-based solution.
“We can’t talk about any complex situation – like crime – without using metaphors”, said Boroditsky. “Metaphors aren’t just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for things we’re trying to explain and figure out. And they have consequences for determining what we decide is the right approach to solving problems”.
While their research focused on attitudes about crime, their findings can be used to understand the implications of how a casual or calculated turn of phrase can influence debates and change minds.
Adaptado de news.stanford.edu.
The power of metaphors discusses the use of metaphors in daily life, as well as the text O que nossas metáforas dizem de nós.
The following metaphor is present in both texts:
- A)cancer is a virus
- B)life is a journey
- C)crime is a beast
- D)depression is a black hole